Medical Notes
This category provides medical students across the world with lecture notes that will help them pass various professional medical exams.
The Temporal Bone (Os Temporale)
Number of View: 2144The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. Each consists of five parts, viz., the squama, the petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts, and the styloid process. 1 The Squama part of the temporal bone (squama temporalis).—The squama forms the anterior and upper part of the bone, and [...]
The Sphenoid Bone – (Os Sphenoidale)
Number of View: 2727The sphenoid bone is situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital. The sphenoid bone of the skull somewhat resembles a bat with its wings extended, and is divided into a median portion or body, two great and two small wings extending [...]
The frontal Bone of the Skull – (Os Frontale)
Number of View: 2301The frontal bone of the Skull resembles a cockle-shell in form, and consists of two portions—a vertical portion, the squama, corresponding with the region of the forehead; and an orbital or horizontal portion, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. Squama (squama frontalis).—Surfaces.—The external surface [...]
The Parietal Bone (Os Parietale)
Number of View: 7198The parietal bones is formed by their union, the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. Surfaces of the Parietal Bone.—The external surface is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence [...]
The Occipital Bone – (Ossa Cranii) & (Os Occipitale).
Number of View: 5625The occipital bone , situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. The curved, expanded plate behind the foramen magnum is [...]
The Human Skull
Number of View: 1732 The skull is supported on the summit of the vertebral column, and is of an oval shape, wider behind than in front. It is composed of a series of flattened or irregular bones which, with one exception (the mandible), are immovably jointed together. It is divisible into two parts: (1) the [...]
The Heart – Anatomy, Histology and Development of the Human Heart
Number of View: 6611The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium. It is placed obliquely in the chest behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the rib cartilages, and projects farther into the [...]
Complications of thyroidectomy
Number of View: 15997Complications of thyroidectomy Thyroid cancer is a disease where the thyroid cells become abnormal and grow in an unregulated manner forming a cancerous tumour, which has the potential to spread elsewhere – considering its vast lymphatic drainage. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, accounting for ~1% of all cancers. Thyroidectomy [...]
Development of the thyroid gland. Anatomical relations of the thyroid and complications of thyroidectomy
Number of View: 21185Describe the development of the thyroid gland. What are the anatomical relations of the thyroid. Relate these to the complications of thyroidectomy The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of the body. It produces thyroid hormone, which controls the rate of metabolism in the body, and calcitonin, a hormone controlling calcium [...]
Vessels or Blood Supply and Nerves to Thyroid Gland
Number of View: 19049 Vessels and Nerves of the Thyroid Gland The arteries supplying the thyroid gland are the superior and inferior thyroids and sometimes an additional branch (thyroidea ima) from the innominate artery or the arch of the aorta, which ascends upon the front of the trachea. The arteries are remarkable for their large [...]
The Thyroid Gland (Glandula Thyreiodea; Thyroid Body)
Number of View: 17722 The Thyroid Gland (Glandula Thyreiodea; Thyroid Body) The thyroid gland is a highly vascular organ, situated at the front and sides of the neck; it consists of right and left lobes connected across the middle line by a narrow portion, the isthmus. Its weight is somewhat variable, but is usually about [...]
Divisions of the Bronchi and Structure of the lungs
Number of View: 14262 Divisions of the Bronchi Just as the lungs differ from each other in the number of their lobes, so the bronchi differ in their mode of subdivision. The right bronchus gives off, about 2.5 cm. from the bifurcation of the trachea, a branch for the superior lobe. This branch arises above [...]
Root of the Lung (radix pulmonis)
Number of View: 14837 The Root of the Lung (radix pulmonis). A little above the middle of the mediastinal surface of each lung, and nearer its posterior than its anterior border, is its root, by which the lung is connected to the heart and the trachea. The root is formed by the bronchus, the pulmonary [...]
Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
Number of View: 18948 Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs. The left lung is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower, by an interlobular fissure, which extends from the costal to the mediastinal surface of the lung both above and below the hilus. As seen on the surface, this fissure begins on the [...]
Shape of the Lungs – The Apex, Base, Borders – Surfaces of the Lungs
Each lung is conical in shape, and presents for examination an apex, a base, three borders, and two surfaces.
The apex of the lung (apex pulmonis) is rounded, and extends into the root of the neck, reaching from 2.5 to 4 cm. above the level of the sternal end of the first rib. A sulcus produced by the subclavian artery as it curves in front of the pleura runs upward and lateralward immediately below the apex.
The Lungs (Pulmones) – Essential Organs of Respiration
The lungs are the essential organs of respiration; they are two in number, placed one on either side within the thorax, and separated from each other by the heart and other contents of the mediastinum. The substance of the lung is of a light, porous, spongy texture; it floats in water, and crepitates when handled, owing to the presence of air in the alveoli; it is also highly elastic; hence the retracted state of these organs when they are removed from the closed cavity of the thorax. The surface is smooth, shining, and marked out into numerous polyhedral areas, indicating the lobules of the organ: each of these areas is crossed by numerous lighter lines.
The Pancreas of the Human Body
Number of View: 9538The Pancreas of the Human Body The pancreas is a compound racemose gland, analogous in its structures to the salivary glands, though the pancreas is softer and less compactly arranged than those organs. Its secretion, the pancreatic juice, carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum, is an important digestive fluid. In [...]
Respiratory System Apparatus Respiratorius;
Number of View: 11462The respiratory apparatus consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and pleuræ. Development.—The rudiment of the respiratory organs appears as a median longitudinal groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. The groove deepens and its lips fuse to form a septum which grows from below upward and converts the groove into [...]
Development of the Digestive Tube
Number of View: 3497The Further Development of the Digestive Tube.—The upper part of the fore-gut becomes dilated to form the pharynx , in relation to which the branchial arches are developed (see page 65); the succeeding part remains tubular, and with the descent of the stomach is elongated to form the esophagus. About the fourth [...]
The Tongue
Number of View: 6977The tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx, and consists of an anterior or buccal and a posterior or pharyngeal part which are separated in the adult by the V-shaped sulcus terminalis. During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular [...]
The Palatine Tonsils
Number of View: 629The palatine tonsils are developed from the dorsal angles of the second branchial pouches. The entoderm which lines these pouches grows in the form of a number of solid buds into the surrounding mesoderm. These buds become hollowed out by the degeneration and casting off of their central cells, and by this [...]
The Salivary Glands
Number of View: 1572The salivary glands arise as buds from the epithelial lining of the mouth; the parotid appears during the fourth week in the angle between the maxillary process and the mandibular arch; the submaxillary appears in the sixth week, and the sublingual during the ninth week in the hollow between the tongue and [...]
The Mouth – Development of the Mouth
Number of View: 3827The Mouth The mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the fore-gut. By the growth of the head end of the embryo, and the formation of the cephalic flexure, the pericardial area and the buccopharyngeal membrane come to lie on the ventral [...]
The Development of the Digestive Tube
Number of View: 1438The Development of the Digestive Tube: The primitive digestive tube consists of two parts, viz.: (1) the fore-gut, within the cephalic flexure, and dorsal to the heart; and (2) the hind-gut, within the caudal flexure. Between these is the wide opening of the yolk-sac, which is gradually narrowed and reduced to a [...]
The Digestive Tube (alimentary canal)
Number of View: 2565The Digestive Tube (alimentary canal) is a musculomembranous tube, about 9 metres long, extending from the mouth to the anus, and lined throughout its entire extent by mucous membrane. It has received different names in the various parts of its course: at its commencement is the mouth, where provision is made for [...]
Trapezius: Origin, Insertion, Action & Nerve Supply to Trapezius
The trapezius muscle arise from the medial third of the superior nuchal line to the spine of the seventh cervical vertebrae. It also arises from the ligamentum nuchae between the external occipital protuberance and the spine of the seventh cervical vertebra. Below this, the origin extends along the spinous process and the supraspinous process of all the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
Subscapular Fascia (fascia subscapularis)
Number of View: 1246The subscapular fascia is a thin membrane attached to the entire circumference of the subscapular fossa, and affording attachment by its deep surface to some of the fibers of the Subscapularis.
Pectoral Fascia
The pectoral facia is a thin lamina of deep fascia that covers the anterior surface of the pectoralis major. Medially, it is attached to the sternum. Superiorly, it is attached to the clavicle. The pectoral facia contines laterally as the axillary fascia. The pectoral facial continuues inferiorly with the fascia of the anterior abdominal wall.
The Deltoid Fascia
Deltoid Fascia is the deep fascia covering the Deltoid Muscle (Deltoideus). This deep facia invests the muscle, and sends numerous septa between its fasciculi. In front it is continuous with pectoral facia
The clavicle
Number of View: 13501The clavicle forms the anterior portion of the shoulder girdle. It is a long bone, curved somewhat like the italic letter f, and placed nearly horizontally at the upper and anterior part of the thorax, immediately above the first rib. It articulates medially with the manubrium sterni, and laterally with the acromion [...]
The Humerus
Number of View: 8419The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity; it is divided into a shaft and two expanded upper and lower extremity. Upper Extremity: The upper extremity consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater [...]
Egyptian Medicine
Number of View: 1682EGYPTIAN MEDICINE Out of the ocean of oblivion, man emerges in history in a highly civilized state on the banks of the Nile, some sixty centuries ago. After millenniums of a gradual upward progress, which can be traced in the records of the stone age, civilization springs forth Minerva-like, complete, and highly [...]
Origin of Medicine
Number of View: 6201Origin of Medicine Medicine arose out of the primal sympathy of man with man; out of the desire to help those in sorrow, need and sickness. In the primal sympathy Which having been must ever be; In the soothing thoughts that spring Out of human suffering. The instinct of self-preservation, the longing [...]
Introduction to Origin of Medicine
Number of View: 1688INTRODUCTION TO ORIGIN OF MEDICINE Sail to the Pacific with some Ancient Mariner, and traverse day by day that silent sea until you reach a region never before furrowed by keel where a tiny island, a mere speck on the vast ocean, has just risen from the depths, a little coral reef [...]
Preface to Evolution of Modern Medicine
Number of View: 2153Preface to Evolution of Modern Medicine The manuscript of Sir William Osler’s lectures on the “Evolution of Modern Medicine,” delivered at Yale University in April, 1913, on the Silliman Foundation, was immediately turned in to the Yale University Press for publication. Duly set in type, proofs in galley form had been submitted [...]
The Silliman Foundation
Number of View: 1406THE SILLIMAN FOUNDATION In the year 1883 a legacy of eighty thousand dollars was left to the President and Fellows of Yale College in the city of New Haven, to be held in trust, as a gift from her children, in memory of their beloved and honored mother, Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman. [...]
The Hippocratic Oath
Number of View: 572About Hippocrates Hippocrates, the celebrated Greek physician, was a contemporary of the historian Herodotus. He was born in the island of Cos between 470 and 460 B. C., and belonged to the family that claimed descent from the mythical AEsculapius, son of Apollo. There was already a long medical tradition in Greece [...]
